Балканските войни 1912-1913

[gecvko]

Днес в Пловдив имаше изложба по случай 100-те години от Одрин. Направи ми впечатление, че бяха показани за първи път карти пленени от нашите войници. Бяха на турски и с разположението на техните сили. Момчето от музея каза, че не са вадени до сега, защото били отбелязани като карти от 1СВ. Преди ден-два се загледал и забелязал, че са от Одрин. Каза също, че предстоят да се извадят нови работи! Изложбата ще я има и утре на ул. Анг. Букорещлиев 14

[Изчезнал Безследно]

Я вижте какво открих
http://www.europeana.eu/portal/recor...ulgare&rows=12

кликнете на картинката в ляво, за да видите филмчето.
А сега специалистите да коментират...

[Изчезнал Безследно]

Втора Балканска (Междусъюзническа) война - материали

Търся материали за военните действия през Втората Балканска война.
В библиотеката на форума се намира "Войната между България и другите балкански държави" т. ², София; 1941
Издаван ли е том ²² ?
Бихте ли помогнали с библиография по темата?
благодаря предварително

[Николай]

Отпечатан е бил само първият том. За отпечатването на следващите планирани (два тома, доколкото знам) попречва разформироването на Военноисторическата комисия през 1947.
Книгата на А. Христов - има я и тук качена, е най-добрия начален материал по темата. И комай единствен цялостен преглед на военните действия заедно с "Българското крушение" на Георги Марков, в което обаче се отделя внимание предимно на дипломацията на войната. Изключвам безумното издание на Военно издателство от 1963, което освен че е пълно с фактически грешки, отделя два пъти повече място на ролята на балканския пролетариат в развитието на антивоенното движение отколкото на цялата война (военните действия са събрани в 40 -50 страници).
Вече има издадени книги, включително и в последните години засягащи един или друг аспект на военните действия, но за цялостен преглед - на прима виста май само първия том на Комисията и книгата на А. Христов стават.

[dibo]

Гонят кореспонденти заради военна тайна

В писмения фонд на Балканската война от 1912-1913 г. своето присъствие имат и кореспонденциите от театъра на военните действия. Като че ли е малко пресилено да се говори и пише за това, че онези близо стотина кореспонденти – чуждестранни и български са имали възможността да отразяват на живо бойните действия на българската войска. През 1975 г. военният историк Иван Шипчанов публикува изследване, посветено на присъствието на кореспондентите при Българската армия. Изследването му е публикувано в един от томовете на Известия на ГЩ – институт за военна история. Изданието е дело на военно-историческото дружество и в него се прави опит да се анализира дейността на кореспондентите по време на първата балканска война. Авторът се отнася критично към някои публикации в чуждестранния печат, като уточнява, че повечето от тези кореспонденти не са имали възможността в началото на бойните действия да се аргументират с факти от бойното поле. В това свое изследване Иван Шипчанов пише за имена с голяма известност, както се изразява и изрежда тези имена: Немирович-Данченко, Пюо, Паул Блок, Борцини, Баучер. Той уточнява, че като кореспонденти са действали и военни специалисти, пратеници на генерални щабове и висши командни и специализирани академии: Ранкин, Драйер, Пененрун, Бароне, Бакола, Мах, Мамонтов. Последният е с офицерско звание капитан, а Ален дьо Пененрун е офицер от Френския генерален щаб. Пененрун фотографира в София придвижването на обоза – биволски коли. Докато снима е видян от един конник, който го задържа и предава на охраната. След разясняване на случая французинът е освободен.
Бдителността на редовия войник
не е за подценяване, защото във войската има заповед да не се дават никакви сведения на журналята, които могат да разкрият замисъла на действие на българската войска. Друг офицер от Френския генерал щаб, който действа като кореспондент е Анри Бернар, която телеграфира за „Еклер”.
Всички кореспонденти, които са пристигнали в България с предположението, че скоро ще има война, са държани в София. Откъснати от войската, те правят опити да съберат някакви данни, за да могат да изпратят дописки за своите издания. Способите им са различни, като в определени момента те разчитат на това, което могат да чуят в офицерския стол. Само че достъпът им до този стол, който може да се окаже източник на информация е прекъснат. Просто им е забранено да влизат в него.
За началото на бойните действия ( те могат да наблюдават на живо как се извършва мобилизацията и да видят ентусиазма, с който българите се явяват в определените места дори преди крайния срок) тези кореспонденти (98 чуждестранни и 12 български) научават от официалните бюлетини, които се издават от Щаба на войската, където крайната дума какво да се съобщава е на цензурния отдел към щаба на войската. Именно този щаб на действащата армия няма никакви намерения да запознава със своите планове представителите на вестниците и фотографите. И това е напълно разбираемо от военна гледна точка – крие се какво е съсредоточаването на войските.
На четвъртия ден от войната министърът на железниците, пощите и телеграфите – Франгя (отначало той е натоварен със задължението да се „грижи” за журналята) нарежда журналистите за бъдат
отведени със специален влак
в Стара Загора, където е разположена Главната квартира. Там е и резиденцията на царя, която така и не е била използвана.
В спомените от онова време, както на журналистите, така и на военните, се казва, че началник щабът на Действащата армия генерал-майор Фичев не посреща благосклонно групата от пишещи и снимащи братя. Не им осигуряват къде да се настанят и им забраняват да посещават офицерския стол. На всеки служител от щаба е наредено да не обръщат внимание на журналистически въпроси. В заповедта се казва:” да не се задоволява професионалното им любопитство”. Поне е така по мемоарите на самия генерал Фичев.
Резонен е въпросът:” Как тогава тези кореспонденти пишат своите дописки?”. Вече стана дума за позоваването на официалните бюлетини, които преди да видят бял свят минават през зоркото око на военната цензура. На практика първите „живи” впечатления кореспондентите получават от … първите пленени турски военни.
Определен повратен момент в отношението към кореспондентите е датата 11 октомври 1912 г. когато идва вестта за превземането на Лозенград. Някои от журналистите са учудени – това са италианците и холандците, съмнението, че това е вярно гризе германците и австрийците, радват се руснаците, французите и англичаните, ликуват българите. Цензурната секция потвърдила новината с кратък текст:” Днес към 11.00 ч. преди пладне Лозенград е завладян от българските войски. Турците отстъпили в безпорядък към Бунархисар като оставили една скорострелна батарея, 16 пълни ракли и множество още бойни и хранителни припаси”. Този факт, както пише Иван Шипчанов
отворил работа на журналистите
След като им разрешили да съобщят това събитие в своите страни всички в луд бяг се надпреварвали кой по-напред да отиде до станцията, за да подаде телеграмата си. Освен, че действали бързо журналистите удивили и със своята изобретателност, фантазия и словоизлияния в описването на подробностите.
Цензорите не се намесват в случаите, когато кореспондентите използват въображението и фантазията си когато описват боевете. Цензорите следят да не се допусне нещо, от което да се възползва противникът. Дори те уточняват кога ще бъдат най-строги – колкото сте по-сериозни и вашата известност на съзнателни информатори е по-подчертана, толкова по –строга ще бъде нашата проверка. Ясно и категорично, за да се стигне дотам, че именно австрийския кореспондент да бъде обвинен в издаване на военна тайна и шпионаж и принуден да използва всичките си дипломатически и политически връзки за да се измъкне от България.
След превземането на Лозенград журналистите са разпределени кой къде да бъде изпратен. Главната квартира проявява снизхождение към военните кореспонденти и по предложение на началника на Цензурната секция те били разпределени по съединенията и частите от първата бойна линия. Към Първа армия на генерал Кутинчев били командировани 6 души: русите проф. Александър Пиленко (”Новое время”), В.Топоров (”Речь” и „Русскиe ведомости”), Ив.Гончаров ( „Голось Москвы”), италианецът Луиджи Барцини (” Кориера дела сера”), французинът Людовик Нодо (”Журнал”) и българинът Панайот Стойчев (” Дневник”). По следите на Трета армия на генерал Радко Димитриев били отпратени 10 души: русите Немирович-Данченко (” Русское слово”), полковник Драйер (”Новое время”) и капитан Н.П.Мамонтов (” Утро России”), англичаните Максуел (”Дейли мейл”) и полковник Ранкин (”Таймс”), австралиецът Франк Фокс (”Морнинг пост”), французите Ален дьо Пененрун (”Илюстрасион”), Бернар (”Еклер”), Рьоне Пюо (” Тан”) и маркиз дьо Сегонзак (”Еко дьо Пари”). Те вече имат възможност да срещат на живо с командири от първа бойна линия, да вървят след войската, да видят как българската артилерия е поразявала вражите окопи и траншеи.
Доста неща могат да се допълнят за присъствието на журналистите по време на първия етап на войната през 1912-1913 г., но през втория етап те не били допускани на Тракийския фронт. Решението на Главната квартира се основавало на това, че те могат да попречат на действията на войските. Само след щурмуването на Одринската крепост през март 1913 г. били допуснати двама журналисти – французинът Людовик Нодо от „Журнал” и италианецът Луиджи Барцини от „Кориера дела сера”.
Понякога журналистите допускали провинения, за което били санкционирани от командването на Втора армия. За „вироглавите” условията за журналистическа дейност ставали невъзможни, вследствие на което си отивали от Свиленград или бивали изгонвани за грубо нарушение на установените и сведени до знанието на всички „правила” . Строго се ограничавал периметърът на дейност като се указвали и километрите, които очертавали крайната линия, зад която те не трябвало да припарват. Един от най- проявилите се в това отношение журналисти бил австрийският поручик Херменгилд Вагнер (” Райхпост”). Веднъж той бил заловен на гара Свиленград в момент, когато броял оръдията по вагоните. Освободен бил след обещанието, че втори подобен случай няма да има. Той не удържал на думата си и напуснал града като в продължение на пет денонощия кръстосвал по позициите около Одрин, наблюдавал двубоя срещу Карагьоз и Шейтан табия, посетил Юруш, присъствал на атаката на Мараш. Когато сметнал, че е престоял достатъчно при пехотинците, артилеристите и тиловаците и че е събрал обилен материал за своя вестник, той се завърнал. Криел се в кабините на спирачите на товарните вагони. Щабът на Втора армия взел мерки и Вагнер да бъде търсен, намерен и арестуван. На пловдивската гара Вагнер бил задържан за няколко часа, а в София –обвинен в шпионаж и бил принуден да напусне България.
Другият „провинил” се и то сериозно кореспондент е цариградският кореспондент на италианския в. „Кориера дела сера” полк. Бакола, който поддържал връзка с турския външен министър в Букурещ. Кореспондентът също се измъква от доста тежката за него ситуация благодарение на италианското посолство в София.

http://www.bgarmy.bg/?action=news&id=13500

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Some notes on Early Balkan Aviation History (1912-13)

http://academia.edu/2043875/Some_notes_on_Early_Balkan_Aviation_History_1912-13_

[Изчезнал Безследно]

ж.п. катастрофи при прехвърлянето на българските части на запад

Някой може ли да ме осветли по въпрса за ж.п. катастрофите при прехвърлянето на военни части от Източна Тракия на запад в периода след Първата и преди Втората Балкански войни?
Аз знам за две:
27 април 1913 - между ж.п. станциите Бук и Козлево при прехода на 3/3 бригада (41 и 42 пехотни полкове) от Дедеагач към Демир Хисар
18 май 1913 - на гара Еникьой при прехвърлянето на огнестрелния парк на Македоно-Одринското Опълчение от Гюмюрджина към Демир Хисар

Имало ли е други подобни инциденти?

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GENERAL STAFFS OF BULGARIA AND SERVIA

Signed June 19, 1912

In accordance with Article 13 of the military convention existing be-
tween the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Servia, the delegates
designated by the two parties have agreed upon the following which is
based upon the respective plans of operation:

In case of war between Bulgaria and Servia on the one hand and Turkey
on the other:

In case the principal Turkish army should be concentrated in the
region of Uskup, Komanova, Karatova, Kotchani, Velds, the allied
troops intended to operate in the region of the Vardar shall be divided
as follows:

1. A Servian army in two divisions shall march upon Uskup by way
of Kara-Dagh. This army shall form the right wing of the allied troops.

2. A Servian army of five divisions of infantry and a division of
cavalry shall advance through the valley of the Moravitza and the
Ptchinia, upon the Komanova-Karatova side. This army shall form
the center of the allied troops and shall have the duty of carrying on
operations in front of the enemy.

3. A Bulgarian army of three divisions shall form the left wing of the
allied troops, with the duty of operating against the right wing and on
the rear of the enemy, in the direction of Kostendil-Egri-Palanka-
Uskup and Kostendil-Tzarovo-S??o-Kotchani.

4. The two heads of the general staffs shall reconnoitre together the
region between Kostendil and Vrania, and if this reconnoissance demon-
strates the possibility of employing large forces in the direction of
Kostendil-Egri-Palanka-Uskup the two Servian divisions intended to
operate by way of Kara-Dagh against Uskup, shall, if the general situa-
tion permits, be employed to reinforce the left wing of the allied troops
and shall be concentrated for this purpose near Kostendil.

5. To cover the right flank of the allied troops, the chief of the general
staff of the Servian army shall place at its disposition the three remain-
ing divisions of troops of the second reserve.

6. The chief of the field staff of the Bulgarian army agrees to attend
to the prompt restoration of the road from Bossilegrad to Vlassina.

7. If the situation requires the reinforcement of Bulgarian troops
upon the field of operations along the Maritza, and if, in the region of
the Vardar, all the troops above enumerated are not absolutely indis-
pensable, the necessary troops shall be transported from the latter field
of operations to that of the Maritza. And inversely, if the situation
requires the reinforcement of the allied troops on the field of operation
of Vardar and if the retention of all the troops designated for the opera-
tions upon the field of Maritza is not indispensable, the necessary
troops shall be transported from this field to that of Vardar.

Appendix

The two general staffs agree:

a. To exchange all their information regarding the armies of sur-
rounding states;

b. To procure for one another the desired number of copies of all the
rules, instructions, maps, etc., both oflBcial as well as secret;

c. To send to the other allied army a certain number of officers whose
duty it shall be to become familiar with its organization and to study its
language, in accordance with Article 2 of the military convention;

d. The chiefs of the general staffs of the Servian and Bulgarian armies
shall meet each autumn in order to become familiar with the general
situation and to modify the agreements made as may be necessary under
the circumstances.

Varna, June 19, 1912.

General R. Poutnik,
General Fitcheff.

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SECRET APPENDIX TO THE TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND ALLIANCE BETWEEN
THE KINGDOM OF BULGARIA AND THE KINGDOM OF SERVIA

Signed at Sofia, February 29, 1912

Article 1

In case internal disorders arise in Turkey, of such a character as to
endanger the national or state interests of the contracting parties, or
of one of them, as for instance in case Turkey should find itself beset
by internal or external difficulties which might involve the maintenance
of the status quo in the Balkan peninsula, the first of the contracting
parties to arrive at the conviction that military action should be taken
on this account, shall make a statement, giving the reasons therefor, to
the other party which shall be bound to enter immediately upon an
exchange of views, and if the latter party does not agree with its ally,
shall give to the ally an answer stating the reasons.

If an agreement is arrived at, this agreement shall be communicated
to Russia, and in case that Power does not oppose it, the action shall
be undertaken in accordance with the agreement which has been reached,
and in accordance with the sentiments of unity and community of interests.
In the contrary case, — if an agreement is not reached, — the
two states shall appeal to the opinion of Russia, which opinion shall,
so far as Russia shall pronounce the same, be binding upon the two
parties.

In case Russia does not give its opinion and an agreement between
the two contracting parties cannot, even after that, be reached, and in
case the party which is in favor of action decides to pursue such action
alone and at its own risk, the other party shall be obliged to observe a
friendly neutraUty towards its ally, to proceed at once to mobilize its
troops within the limits provided by the military convention, and to
go to the assistance of its ally with all its power, if a third state takes the
part of Turkey.

Article 2

All territorial additions which may be secured by common action
as provided in articles one and two of the treaty and article one of this
secret appendix thereto, shall be under the common dominion (con-
dominium) of the allied states. The division thereof shall be made
without delay within the maximum period of three months after the
reestablishment of peace and upon the following bases:

Servia recognizes the right of Bulgaria to territories to the east of the
Rhodopes and the Struma river; Bulgaria recognizes the rights of Servia
to those situated to the north and west of Char-Planina.

As regards territories situated between the Char, Rhodopes, the Aegean
Sea and Ochrida Lake, if the two parties reach the conclusion that
it is impossible because of the common interests of the Bulgarian and
Servian nations, or for other reasons of domestic or foreign affairs, to
organize these territories as a separate autonomous province, they shall
be disposed of according to the following provisions:

Servia agrees not to lay any claim to the territory situated beyond
the line traced upon the annexed map, starting from the Turkish-
Bulgarian frontier at Mt. Golem (to the north of Kr. Palanka) and
following a generally southwesterly direction to Ochrida Lake, passing
Mt. Kitka, between the villages of Metejeve and Podarjikon, by the
summit to the east of the village of Nerav, and following the watershed
to the peak of 1,000, north of the village of Bascht?vo, between the
villages of Liubentzi and Petarlitza, by the peak Ostritch 1,000 (Lissetz-
Planina), the peak 1,050 between the villages of Dratch and Opila, by
the villages of Talichmantzi and Jivalevo, the peak 1,050, the peak 1,000,
the village Kichali, the principal line of the Gradichte-Planina water-
shed to the peak Goritcht?, to the peak 1,023, following then the water-
shed between the villages of Ivankovtzi and Loghintzi, through Vetersko
and Sopot on the Vardar. Crossing the Vardar, it follows the ridges to-
ward the peak 2,550 and as far as Mt. Petropole, along the watershed
of this mountain between the villages of Krapa and Barbaras to the peak
1,200, between the villages of Yakryenovo and Drenovo, to Mt. Tchesma
(1,254), along the watershed of the mountains Baba-Planina and
Krouchka-Tepessi, between the villages of Salp and Tzerske, to the
summit of Protoyska-Planina, to the east of the village of Belitza,
through Brejani to the peak 1,200 (Ilinska-Planina), along the line of
the watershed passing the peak 1,330 to the peak 1,217 and between
the villages of Livoichta and Gorentzi to Lake Ochrida near the monas-
tery of Gabovtzi.

Bulgaria agrees to accept this frontier if His Majesty the Emperor
of Russia, who shall be asked to be the final arbitrator of this question,
decides in favor of this line.

It is understood that the two contracting parties agree to accept as
the final frontier the line which His Majesty the Emperor of Russia,
within the above indicated limits, may find to correspond the closest
to the rights and interests of the two parties.

Article 3

A copy of the treaty and of this secret appendix thereto shall be com-
municated together to the Imperial Government of Russia, which shall
be asked at the same time to take note thereof, as a proof of the good
intentions of the parties thereto in connection with the purposes sought
by them, and with the request that His Majesty the Emperor of Russia
deign to accept and approve the powers attributed to himself and his
government in the provisions of these two documents.

Article 4

Every difference which shall arise concerning the interpretation and
execution of any of the provisions of the treaty, of this secret appendix,
and of the military convention, shall be submitted to Russia for final
decision, as soon as one of the two parties shall have declared that it
believes it impossible to reach an agreement by direct negotiations.

Article 5

None of the provisions of this secret appendix shall be published or
communicated to another Power without a prior agreement thereon
by the two parties hereto and the consent of Russia.

Done at Sofia, February 29, 1912.

[dibo]

TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF BULGARIA
AND THE KINGDOM OF SERVIA

Signed at Sofia, February 29, 1912

His Majesty, Ferdinand the First, King of the Bulgars, and His
Majesty Peter the First, King of Servia, thoroughly convinced of the
common interests and the common destiny of their countries, and of
the brother nations of Bulgarian and Servian peoples, and being resolved
firmly to defend these interests with their united forces, and to endeavor
to pursue them to a happy conclusion, have agreed upon the
following:

Article 1

The Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Servia mutually and
reciprocally guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity
of each other, agreeing absolutely without exception of any
kind, to support one another with their entire strength in any case where
one of the two kingdoms may be attacked by one or more states.

Article 2

The two contracting parties agree also to aid one another with their
entire strength in case any one of the great Powers shall attempt to
annex or occupy, or to take military possession of, even temporarily,
any part whatever of the territory of the Balkan peninsula now under
Turkish domination, if one of the contracting parties believes this action
to be injurious to its vital interests, and a casus belli.

Article 3

The two contracting parties agree not to conclude peace except jointly
and after prior agreement.

Article 4

A military convention shall be concluded for the purpose of insuring
the complete execution of the present treaty in the manner best suited
to the accomplishment of the desired purpose. This convention shall
provide also everything that is to be done by each party in case of war,
as well as everything regarding military organization, demobilization
and mobilization of troops, superiority of orders, which should be deter-
mined in time of peace with regard to the preparation for, and proper
conduct of, war.

The military convention shall form an integral part of the present
treaty. The work of drafting the same shall begin at the latest two
weeks after the signature of the present treaty and must be concluded
within the two months following.

Article 5

The present treaty and the military convention shall be in force from
the date of their signature to the thirty-first of December, 1920, inclusive.
They cannot be prolonged beyond this period without a supplementary
agreement of the contracting parties, expressly authorized.
However, in case the two parties should find themselves at war at the
expiration of the treaty and the military convention, or in case they
shall not have yet recovered from the situation resulting from the war,
the treaty and convention shall be continued in force until the signing
of the treaty of peace or the settlement of the conditions brought about
by the war.

Article 6

The present treaty shall be drawn up in two identic copies, in both
the Servian and Bulgarian languages. It shall be signed by the sover-
eigns and ministers of foreign affairs of the two countries. The military
convention, also in two copies and drawn up in the Bulgarian and Ser-
vian languages, shall be signed by the sovereigns, the ministers of foreign
affairs, and the special military plenipotentiaries.

Article 7

The present treaty and the military convention shall not be published
or communicated to other countries except by previous agreement of
the two contracting parties, and then it shall be done jointly and at the
same time.

Previous agreement shall also be necessary for the admission of a
third state into the alliance.

Done at Sofia, February 29, 1912.

[dibo]

MILITARY CONVENTION BETWEEN THE KINGDOMS OF BULGARIA AND SERVIA

Signed June 19, 1912

In accordance with the spirit, and upon the authority, of Article 3
of the treaty of friendship and alliance between the Kingdom of Bulgaria
and the Kingdom of Servia, and in order to further insure the successful
conduct of war, and the more complete realization of the purposes which
the alliance has in view, the two contracting parties agree
upon the following provisions, which shall in every respect be of the
same force and value as the provisions of the treaty itself.

Article 1

The Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Servia agree, in the
cases provided in Articles 1 and 2 of the treaty of alliance, and in Article
1 of the secret appendix to that treaty, to render one another assistance,
both in fighting along the frontier and in taking part in military
operations outside the national territory, Bulgaria to furnish an armed
force which shall not be less than 200,000 fighting men, and Servia a
force of at least 150,000 fighting men.

Combatants belonging to auxiliary organizations, Servian troops of
the third reserve, and the territorial troops of Bulgaria shall not be
included within the above number.

This body of combatants must be at the frontier or beyond the frontier
of its national territory — in the direction which it should take according
to the causes and purpose of the war, and according to the
development of military operations — at the latest on the twenty-first day
after the declaration of war or the communication of the ally stating
that the casus foederis exists. However, even before the expiration of
this period, the two parties shall consider it their duty as allies — if it
is in accord with the nature of the military operations and may con-
tribute to the favorable outcome of the war — to send their troops, even
if only a part of them, and so far as the mobilization and concentration
will permit, to the field of battle on the seventh day after the declaration
of war or of the existence of the casus foederis.

Article 2

If Roumania shall attack Bulgaria, Servia is bound to declare war
immediately against Roumania, and to lead a force of at least 100,000
fighting men against Roumania, either along the Danube or into the
field of operations in Dobrudsha.

In case Turkey attacks Bulgaria, Servia agrees to enter Turkey and
to send at least 100,000 fighting men from its mobilized troops to the
field of operations along the Vardar.

If Servia should be at this time at war with a third Power, either
alone or in conjunction with Bulgaria, it shall direct towards Turkey or
Roumania all the troops remaining at its free disposal.

Article 3

If Austria-Hungary attacks Servia, Bulgaria is bound to declare war
immediately against Austria-Hungary, and to direct its troops to the
number of at least 200,000 fighting men, into Servia so that after uniting
with the Servian army they may operate either offensively or defensively
against Austria-Hungary.

The same obligation shall rest upon Bulgaria with regard to Servia
in case Austria-Hungary, under any pretext whatever, whether in ac-
cord with Turkey or not, shall send its troops into the province of Novi-
Bazar, and Servia as a consequence thereof declares war, or, for the
defense of its interests, sends its troops into the province and by that act
provokes an armed conflict with Austria-Hungary.

In case Turkey should attack Servia, Bulgaria agrees to cross the
Turkish frontier immediately and to take from its troops which have
been mobilized in accordance with article one of the present convention,
an army of at least 100,000 fighting men, which shall be led to the theatre
of operations of the Vardar.

If Roumania attacks Servia, Bulgaria is bound to attack the Rou-
manian troops as soon as they shall have crossed the Danube and entered
Servian territory.

If Bulgaria, in any of the cases provided for in the present article,
is already at war with a third state, either alone or in conjunction with
Servia, it is bound to send to the assistance of Servia all the troops which
it still has at its free disposal.

Article 4

If Bulgaria and Servia, in accordance with previous agreement, declare
war on Turkey, each is bound, if no other arrangement is made by
special agreement, to take from its troops which have been mobilized
in accordance with article one of the present convention, an army of at
least 100,000 fighting men and lead them into the theatre of operations
along the Vardar.

Article 5

In case one of the contracting parties shall declare war against a third
state without previous agreement and without the consent of the other
contracting party, the latter shall be bound, during the war, to observe
a friendly neutrality towards its ally, as well as to mobilize without
delay a force of at least 50,000 men which shall be concentrated in such
a manner as to best assure liberty of action on the part of its ally.

Article 6

In case of a war carried on jointly, neither of the contracting parties
shall conclude an armistice with the enemy for a longer period than 24
hours, without previous agreement and without the consent of the other
party.

A previous agreement in writing shall also be necessary before entering
into negotiations for peace and the signature of a treaty of peace.

Article 7

During the war, the troops of each of the contracting parties shall be
commanded and all their operations shall be directed by their own
officers.

When bodies of troops belonging to the armies of the two states shall
be carrying on operations for the accomplishment of the same object,
the common command shall be undertaken, in the case of bodies of
the same grade, by the senior officer in that particular grade, and where
the bodies of troops are of different grade, by the senior officer from the
point of view of the authority exercised.

When one or several separate armies belonging to one of the contract-
ing parties shall be placed at the disposition of the other party, they
shall be under the orders of their own officers who, in the strategic
operations, shall be subordinate to the commander-in-chief of the army
at whose disposition they are placed.

In case of a joint war against Turkey, the chief command on the
field of operations of Vardar shall belong to Servia if the principal Servian
army is operating upon this field and if it is numerically stronger than
the Bulgarian troops upon this field, in accordance with Article 4 of
this convention. However, if the principal Servian army is not operating
upon this field and when it is less numerous there than the Bulgarian
troops, the chief command on this field shall belong to Bulgaria.

Article 8

In case the troops of the two contracting parties should be placed
under the orders of the same officer, all the orders and all decisions relating
to the common strategic and tactical operations shall be drawn up
in both languages — Bulgarian and Servian.

Article 9

With regard to victualling, and subsistence in general, lodging, medical
service, transportation of wounded and sick, or the burial of the dead,
the transportation of material of war and other similar objects, the army
of each of the contracting parties shall enjoy the same rights and facilities
upon the territory of the other party and in the same manner, as
the troops of the latter party, in accordance with local laws and regulations.
All the local authorities shall lend their assistance to the allied
troops with a view to this end.

The payment for all means of subsistence shall be paid for by
each party on its own account at the local prices, preferably in cash,
and in exceptional cases by vouchers specially delivered.

The transportation of troops and all war material, means of subsistence
and other objects, by railroad, and the charges therefor, shall
be at the expense of the party over whose territory the transportation
takes place.

Article 10

Trophies belong to the army which takes them.

In case the seizure is made as a result of a battle fought in common
upon the same field, the two armies shall divide the trophies in propor-
tion to the number of the combatants who have directly participated in
the battle.

Article 11

During the war, each contracting party shall have a representative
on the general staff of the commander-in-chief or in the official staffs of
the armies, and these delegates shall preserve communication between
the two armies in all matters.

Article 12

Strategic operations and cases not provided for, as well as disputes
which may arise, shall be decided by common agreement by the two
commanders-in-chief.

Article 13

Immediately after the conclusion of the present convention the chiefs
of the general staffs of the allied armies shall come to an understanding
regarding the distribution of troops mobilized in accordance with article
one of the present convention and their arrangement within the zone of
concentration in the cases above set forth, as well as regarding the roads
which shall be repaired or reconstructed to facilitate rapid concentration
upon the frontier, and other operations.

Article 14

The present convention shall become effective on the date of its signature
and shall continue in force so long as the treaty of friendship and
alliance, to which it is annexed as an integral part, remains in force.

[dibo]

TREATY OF ALLIANCE AND DEFENSE BETWEEN BULGARIA AND GREECE

Signed at Sofia, May 16, 1912

Considering that the two kingdoms firmly desire to keep peace in the
Balkan Peninsula and that they can, by means of an effective treaty of
alliance and defense, better respond to this need;

Considering, with the same object in mind, that the peaceful existence
of different nationalities side by side in Turkey, on the basis of a real
and bona fide political equality, and respect for the rights proceeding from
treaties or otherwise granted to the Christian nationalities of the Empire
constitute the conditions necessary for the stability of the state of affairs
in the Orient;

Considering, finally, that the co-operation of the two kingdoms, in
the manner indicated, is of a kind, in the very interest of their good relations
with the Ottoman Empire, to facilitate and strengthen good under-
standing between Greek and Bulgar in Turkey;

The Government of His Majesty the King of the Bulgarians, and
the Government of His Majesty the King of the Hellenes promise not
to give this agreement, which is purely one of defense, an aggressive
tendency in any way whatsoever, and having resolved to conclude an
alliance of peace and of reciprocal protection in the terms here below
indicated, have appointed as their plenipotentiaries [names of plenipotentiaries],

Who, after having exchanged their full powers, have agreed upon
the following:

Article 1

If, contrary to the sincere desire of the high contracting parties and
in spite of the attitude of their governments in avoiding all acts of aggression
and all provocation toward the Ottoman Empire, either of the
two states should be attacked by Turkey, either in its territory, or by
a systematic infringement of the rights proceeding from treaties or from
the fundamental principles of the law of nations, the two high contracting
parties are bound to aid each other reciprocally with their entire
armed forces, and consequently not to make peace except conjointly
and in concert.

Article 2

The two high contracting parties mutually promise, on the one hand,
to use their moral influence with their nationals in Turkey to contribute
sincerely to the peaceful co-existence of the elements forming the population
of the Empire, and, on the other hand, to give each other reciprocal aid and
to act in concert, in taking any step with the Ottoman Government or with
the great Powers, with a view of obtaining or insuring the enjoyment of rights
proceeding from treaties or otherwise granted to Greek and Bulgarian nationals,
the application of political equality, and constitutional guarantees.

Article 3

The present treaty shall remain in force for three years from the date
on which it is signed and shall be tacitly renewed for one year, except
in case of denunciation. Its denunciation must be made known at least
six months before the expiration of the third year from the date on
which it is signed.

Article 4

The present treaty shall be kept secret. It may not be communicated
to a third Power, either in whole or in part, nor may it be divulged, in
whole or in part, except with the consent of the two high contracting
parties.

The present treaty shall be ratified as soon as possible. The ratifications
shall be exchanged at Sofia (or at Athens).

In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the
present treaty and have thereto affixed their seals.
Done, in duplicate, at Sofia, on May 16, 1912.

I. E. Gixechoff.
D. Panas.

Declaration

Article 1 does not apply in case of war between Greece and Turkey
as a result of the admission of Cretan deputies to the Greek Parliament
against the will of the Ottoman Government. In such case, Bulgaria
is bound only to observe friendly neutrality toward Greece; and, as the
settlement of the crisis in the affairs of the Orient, resulting from the
events of 1908 (likewise as to the Cretan question), is a matter of gen-
eral interest and of a kind, without disturbing the equilibrium in the
Balkan Peninsula, to strengthen the international situation there in
the interest of peace, Bulgaria (independently of the engagements as-
sumed by the present treaty) promises not to hinder in any way any
action which may be taken by Greece aiming to settle this question.

I. E. Guechoff.

D. Panas.

[dibo]

Military Convention Between Bulgaria and Greece

Signed at Sofia, September 22, 1912

His Majesty the King of the Bulgarians and His Majesty the King of
the Hellenes, desiring to complete with a military convention the treaty
of alliance and defense, concluded at Sofia on May 16, 1912, between the
Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Greece, have, for this purpose,
appointed as their plenipotentiaries:

His Majesty the King of the Bulgarians: His Excellency Iv. E. Guechoff,
etc., etc. ;

His Majesty the King of the Hellenes: His Excellency D. Panas, etc.,
etc.,

Who, after having communicated to one another their full powers,
found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following:

Article 1

In case Greece, conformably to the obligations proceeding from the
treaty of alliance and defense concluded at Sofia on May 17, 1912, be-
tween Bulgaria and Greece, should take military steps against Turkey
in a Bulgaro-Turkish war; or in case Bulgaria should take such steps
against Turkey in a Turko-Greek war, the two states, the Bulgarian
and the Greek, engage to aid each other mutually, Greece with an effective
force of at least one hundred and twenty thousand men, and Bulgaria with
an effective force of at least three hundred thousand men.
These forces must be equally well fitted to take the field upon the frontier
and to take part in military operations beyond the boundaries of
the national territory.

The above-mentioned troops must be concentrated on the frontier
and in a position to cross it within twenty days at latest from the date
of mobilization or of the notice given by one of the contracting parties
that a casus foederis has occurred.

Article 2

In case Greece should be attacked by Turkey, Bulgaria engages to
declare war on the latter Power and to take the field against it with
all its forces, fixed by the terms of the preceding article at a minimum
of three hundred thousand men, conforming its military operations to
the plans of the Bulgarian General Staff.

In case Bulgaria should be attacked by Turkey, Greece engages to
declare war on the latter power and to take the field against it with all
its forces, fixed by the terms of the preceding article at a minimum of
one hundred and twenty thousand men, conforming its military operations
to the plans of the Greek General Staff. The principal object of
the Hellenic fleet, however, should be to become mistress of the Aegean
Sea and to cut off communication thereon between Asia Minor and Turkey
in Europe.

In the cases provided for by the two preceding paragraphs, Bulgaria
engages to take the offensive with a considerable portion of its army
against the Turkish forces concentrated in the region of the vilayets of
Kossovo, Monastir and Salonica. If Servia, by virtue of its agreements
with Bulgaria, takes part in the war, Bulgaria may dispose of its entire
military forces in Thrace, but in such case it engages, with respect to
Greece, by the present instrument that effective Servian military forces
of at least one hundred and twenty thousand fighting men shall take
the offensive against the Turkish forces concentrated in the region of
the three vilayets above-mentioned.

Article 3

If Bulgaria and Greece, by the terms of a prior agreement, declare
war on Turkey, they are both bound, unless otherwise provided by
special agreement, to take the field with the effective forces specified
in Article 1 of the present convention.

The provisions of the last two paragraphs of Article 2 apply in this
case also.

Article 4

In case either of the contracting governments should declare war on
a state other than Turkey, without a previous understanding and with-
out the consent of the other government, the latter is released from its
obligations, as specified in Article 1, but nevertheless remains bound to
observe, as long as the war lasts, friendly neutrality with regard to its
ally.

Article 5

In case of a joint war, neither of the allied states may conclude an
armistice of longer duration than twenty-four hours, without a previous
understanding and without the consent of the other allied state.

An understanding in writing between the two contracting parties,
shall be necessary also before either of them may enter into negotiations
with a view to peace or conclude a treaty of peace.

Article 6

In case Greece, after Bulgaria and Greece have mobilized their armed
forces or have taken the field, should, as a result of the wishes of the
inhabitants of the island, find itself forced to settle the Cretan question
and should be attacked on that account by Turkey, Bulgaria engages
to come to its aid, conformable to Article 1 of the present convention.

Article 7

The chiefs of the general staffs of the Bulgarian and Greek armies
must inform each other in good time as to their plans of operation in
case of war. They must, moreover, make known every year such
modifications as are made in these plans as a result of changed conditions.

Article 8

The present convention shall become binding upon the two contracting
parties immediately upon being signed. It shall remain in force as
long as the treaty of alliance and defense of May 16, 1912, in which it
is incorporated as an integral part.
Done, in duplicate, at Sofia, on September 22, 1912.

I. E. Guechoff.
General Fitcheff.
D. Panas.
J. P. Metaxas, Captain.

[Изчезнал Безследно]

Орта Кьой

Наскоро ми попадна снимка на униформен български войник направена в Орта Кьой през декември 1913.
Доколкото разбирам, Ортакьой е квартал на Истанбул и по това време е в ръцете на турците (чак до там българските войски въобще не са стигали).
Та питам:
Знае ли се за пленнически лагер в Ортакьой след края ня Втората Балканска война?

ПП
Намерих го - Ортакьой било старото име на Ивайловград. Логично - нови територии с враждебно настроено население - нужен е гарнизон.

[Изчезнал Безследно]

Да съживим малко темата.
Оказва се, че трудно се намират книги за Втората Балканска (Междусъюзническа) война. Ще съм благодарен ако ме насочите към военно-историческа литература по въпроса. Книгите от форумната библиотека съм ги изчел.

И в опит да започна дискусия - прилагам бойното разписание на БА след реорганизацията на 13 май 1913 (стар стил).
Критики, допълнения, забележки и коментари приемам с удоволствие.